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66 results found for "pau"



  • 48,XXXX Syndrome
    48 XXXX syndrome is a very rare disorder of the chromosomes where the normal XX combination becomes a quadruple X grouping. This condition is also called tetrasomy X, 48, XXXX or quadruple X and is only seen among females as there is no Y chromosome involved. The first occurrence of this disorder was discovered in 1961 and since then, there are about 100 reported cases globally. [read more]

  • Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
    Abnormal uterine bleeding refers to the excessive flow of blood during menstruation. The common symptoms of this condition are a massive menstrual discharge accompanied by pain in the lower abdomen. [read more]

  • Achard-Thiers syndrome
    The Achard Thiers syndrome, also called the Diabetic Bearded Woman syndrome or diabete des femmes a barbe, is a rare disease which occurs commonly among women who are in their postmenopausal stage. Its name was derived from the combination of the names of Joseph Thiers and Emile Achard. This is characterized by insulin-resistant type 2 diabetes mellitus (an example is glucosuria) and also indications of excess in androgen. This syndrome has the combined features of Cushing syndrome and Adrenogenital syndrome. It is a form of virilizing disease which is adrenocortical in origin. And since androgen is excessive on this disease, the common manifestations are masculinization (the voice pitch is lowered) and menstrual disorders (the menstrual flow can be sparse or non-existent). There are also cases of growth of ?manly hair' all over the body. The most common complication of this disorder is hirsutism. [read more]

  • Achondrogenesis
    Marco Fraccaro was the very first person to observe and record the description of achondrogenesis in the year 1952. Fraccaro used this name in description of a stillborn female who was afflicted with acute micromelia and apparent changes on her histological cartilage. This term was then coined to characterize many more acute kinds of chondrodysplasia among humans. The conditions were invariably lethal on pre and post births. When the 70's came, researchers have concluded that the disorder is a part of a heterogenous cluster of chondrodysplasias that are fatal to neonates. Histological and radiological measures have distinguished the achondrogenesis type 1 (which is the Fraccaro-Houston-Harris kind) and the type 2 (or the Langer-Saldino kind). 1983 marked a new radiological category of the disease (Types 1-4). This was done by Gorlin and Whitley and was adapted by the McKusick catalog. This classification describes types 1 and 2 as having similar femoral cylinder indeces (or Clfemur which is calculated as the length of the femur bone divided by the range of the width of the same bone. Both kinds have stellate elongated bones and crenated ilia. Both types 1 and 2 are characterized by several rib fractures. Type 3 has ribs that are non-fractured, mushroom-stemmed elongated bones, halberd ilia, and a Clfemur 2.8 to 4.9. The last type (type 4) has sculpted ilia, long bones that are well-developed, non-fractured ribs and Clfemur measured at 4.9 to 8.0. The late 80's was the time when mutations on the collagen II structure were depicted to cause achondrogenesis type 3 (which might also correspond to type 2). At present, only 3 variants of the disorder have been identified and they are type IA or the Houston-Harris type; type IB (or the Parenti-Fraccaro type); and type II (or the Langer-Saldino type). [read more]

  • Alagille-Watson Syndrome
    Alagille-Watson syndrome (AWS) is one of the genetic disorders which affect the different systems of the body including the heart and the liver. The symptoms of the AWS are usually manifested during early childhood or infancy. It is hereditary and its prevalence rate is 1 in every 70,000. The symptoms if AWS varies per family that in some cases it is so mild that the symptoms are unnoticeable while in some cases the symptoms may be as severe as to require transplantation of the heart. When the symptom is liver damage, the patient may have Alagille syndrome which includes yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, xanthomas, itching and bile duct paucity. The patient may also have congenital heart problem and kidney problems. In other less common cases, the central nervous system is affected. As for the physical manifestation, those with AWS have the same facial features which includes broad forehead, small and pointed chin and deep-set eyes. The Alagille-Watson Syndrome is caused by the mutation in the JAG1 gene. This gene plays an important role in the signaling of cells during the embryonic development. The mutation of the gene then disrupts the signaling and thus it causes developmental errors of the body's system, such as the heart, liver, spinal column and facial features. In those with liver problems caused by the AWS, the bile ducts are narrowed and malformed. This then results in bile build ups and scarring which prevents the proper elimination of wastes in the blood. Usually the child inherits the altered gene from one parent although there are cases wherein the patient develops mutations of the gene. At present, there is still no known cure for the AWS and the treatment given to patients are targeted to the improvement of the affected system of the body, such as improvement of heart or liver condition. At the same time, the treatments are aimed also at reducing the effects of the affected system. For those with liver problems caused by AWS, there are several medications which are effective in improving the bile flow and in reducing the itching and this include Actigall, Atarax, Rifampicin, Cholestyramine and Phenobarbitol. Of course the effectiveness of the medication varies per patient. Doctors also recommend the high dosage of multivitamins especially vitamins A, D, E and K, since with the damage to the bile ducts the body will have difficulty absorbing these important vitamins. For those with heart defects caused by AWC, corrective surgery is sometimes necessary. [read more]

  • Alopecia, Female Pattern
    The medical term for hair loss is called alopecia. Female alopecia is often characterized as being distressing and common. Caused by hormones, genes and aging, female pattern baldness involves a typical patter of loss of hair in women. [read more]

  • Amenorrhoea
    Amenorrhoea, a term derived from the Greek ?a?=negative, ?men?=month, ?rhoea?=flow, is a condition wherein a female does not experience a menstrual period. Amenorrhoea is also a symptom of various causes. For women where menstrual cycles never start, a condition called primary amenorrhoea, the condition may be caused by several developmental problems such as failure of ovaries to maintain or receive eggs cells as well as congenital absence of one's uterus. Delay in a female's pubertal development may also cause primary amenorrhea. Secondary amenorrhoea, wherein menstruation cycles cease, is usually caused by hormonal problems from the pituitary gland and hypothalamus. This can also occur when a female experiences premature menopause and intrauterine scar formation. [read more]

  • Apocrine Duct Occlusion
    Apocrine duct Occlusion, commonly known as the Fox-Fordyce disease, is an uncommon skin disorder, affecting male and children, but is more common in women between 13 and 35 years old. This condition is characterized by the sudden development of itchy bumps usually around hair follicles of nipples, underarm areas and pubic region. [read more]

  • Arthritis, Juvenile
    Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) previously identified as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) is the most ordinary type of unrelenting arthritis in children. Occasionally it is called as juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA) a term that is not exact as JIA does not include all types of persistent childhood arthritis. Arthritis causes the lining of the joint (synovium) to swell. JIA is a division of arthritis noticeable during childhood, which might be temporary and self-limited or persistent. It varies considerably from arthritis usually noticed in adults (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis), and other kinds of arthritis that can present in infancy which are persistent conditions. [read more]

  • Atrophic vaginitis
    Atrophic vaginitis is also referred to as vaginal atrophy or urogenital atrophy it is the swelling of the vagina and the outer urinary tract because of the thinning and reduction of the tissues and the decrease in lubrication. This is mainly caused by the lack of reproductive hormone estrogen. The decrease in reproductive hormone estrogen occurs usually during pre menopause and increases during post menopause but these conditions can be a result of other situations. [read more]

  • Atrophy
    Atrophy is a general physiological process, it is either the partial or complete wasting away of a part of the body or a part of the body being useless. Size of a cell, tissue or organ can be wasted away with this disorder. [read more]

  • Bladder, Prolapse
    Bladder, prolapse (or, more appropriately, prolapsed bladder) is a condition affecting females wherein the wall separating the bladder from the vagina weakens and stretches, allowing the bladder to bulge into the vagina. This condition is also referred to as a cystocele. [read more]

  • Bloom Syndrome
    Bloom syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by telangiectases and photosensitivity, deficiency in growth of prenatal onset, variable degrees of immunodeficiency, and increased susceptibility to neoplasms of many sites and types. The dermatologist David Bloom first described the syndrome in 1954. [read more]

  • Body Odor and Sweating
    Body odor and sweating pertain to excessive perspiration that produces a foul-smelling smell emanating from the body. [read more]

  • Breast Pain
    Breast pain is a common complaint of discomfort among women, affecting approximately seventy percent of females at some point in their lives. Breast pain, also known as mastalgia, is more common in the younger age bracket, particularly among pre-menopausal women, although it may afflict older females as well. [read more]

  • Burning mouth syndrome
    Burning mouth syndrome is a rather complex and highly vexing oral condition characterized by a burning sensation that occurs involving the lips, tongue, or the major areas of the whole mouth, for no apparent reason.This disorder has been associated with several numbers of other conditions such as psychological problems, menopause, disorders of the mouth, and nutritional deficiencies. [read more]

  • Cervicitis
    It is an inflammation of the cervix. [read more]

  • Chronic Vulvar Pain
    Chronic vulvar pain or Vulvodynia is a pain in the area around the vagina opening that lasts for months. [read more]

  • Cystocele
    A cystocele, sometimes called prolapsed bladder is characterized when the wall between a woman's bladder and the vagina stretches and weakens, letting the bladder bulge into the vagina. [read more]

  • Early Menopause
    Early menopause refers to the loss of the normal function of the ovaries before a woman reaches the age of 40. This condition is brought about by the failure of the ovaries to produce enough number of estrogen hormones, which often leads to infertility. [read more]

  • Endometrial Cancer
    Endometrial cancer is cancer that starts in the lining of the uterus called the endometrium. It is one of the most common cancers in American women. About 40,000 American women receive a diagnosis of endometrial cancer each year, which makes it the fourth most common cancer found in women. [read more]

  • Endometrial Cancer
    Endometrial cancer is a common type of cancer affecting most American women. Roughly forty thousand American women are diagnosed per year, making it the 4th most common female cancer. It begins in the lining of the uterus (called the endometrium), and may also affect other cells of the uterus. It is alternatively known as uterine cancer, and usually appears as the female's reproductive period ends, usually at ages 60-70. [read more]

  • Endometrial Polyps
    An endometrial polyp or uterine polyp is a polyp or lesion in the lining of the uterus or the endometirum, which takes up space within the uterine cavity. Ranging from a few millimeters to several centimeters in size, polyps are attached to the uterine wall by a large base or a thin stalk. [read more]

  • Endometriosis
    Endometriosis is a very common condition of women characterized by a growth outside the uterus of the endometrium which is the tissue that lines the uterus. This disorder is known to have affected women who are around 30 to 40 years old and who have not experienced being pregnant. These women are of reproductive age all around the world. This disorder, however, can occur just rarely in women at their postmenopausal age. In Endometriosis, the endometrium, which is misplaced, is unable to get out of the body. Although the tissues will still detach from the wall and bleed, but the result is internal bleeding, the surrounding areas swell, pain, shedding of blood and tissue, and scar tissue formation. [read more]

  • Fallen Bladder
    Fallen bladder is also called cystocele. This condition occurs when the wall in between the bladder and the vagina becomes weak allowing the bladder to fall into the vagina and causing problems emptying the bladder. A bladder that dropped off from the normal position may cause problems unwanted leakage of urine and the bladder emptied incompletely. A fallen bladder also stretches the opening of the urethra which cause urine to leak out when coughing, sneezing, laughing, or any movement putting pressure on the bladder. [read more]

  • Fibrocystic Breast Disease
    Also called chronic cystic mastitis, diffuse cystic mastopathy and mammary dysplasia characterized by noncancerous lumps in the breast; roughly 30 ? 60 % of women estimated to suffer from this condition. [read more]

  • Fox-Fordyce disease
    A rare disorder, Fox-Fordyce disease becomes a problem for most women who fall between ages 13 to 35 years. Males and young children may also develop this medical problem. Fox-Fordyce Disease is also called ?sweat retention disease' and ?apocrine duct occlusion'. [read more]

  • Glossodynia
    Glossodynia, also known as burning mouth syndrome, is a condition wherein burning sensations affect the tongue, lips, or entire mouth. [read more]

  • Gout
    Gout is a complex disorder that can affect anyone. Men are most likely to get gout than women are, but women become increasingly susceptible to gout after menopause. [read more]

  • Hemochromatosis
    Hemochromatosis is a hereditary disease characterized by excessive absorption of dietary iron resulting in a pathologic increase on total body iron stores. Human, like virtually all animals, have no means to excrete excess iron. Excess iron accumulates in tissues and organs disrupting their normal function. [read more]

  • Hereditary hemochromatosis
    Hereditary hemochromatosis is a genetic disease that results to the body absorbing and storing too much iron. The condition gets its name from "hemo" for blood and "chroma" for color, alluding to the characteristic bronze skin tone that iron overload can cause. Someone with hereditary hemochromatosis who has never taken an iron supplement could find out in later years that iron overload is leading to serious health problems. [read more]

  • Hiccups
    A hiccup (hiccough) is a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm that typically repeats several times per minute. In medicine, it is referred to as synchronous diaphramatic flutter (SDF). [read more]

  • Hot Flashes
    Hot flashes, or hot flushes, are the sudden passing of warm feelings from the face going down to the other parts of the body, including the hands and feet. This is commonly experience by women undergoing menstruation, pre-natal situations and menopause. [read more]

  • Hyperandrogenism
    Hyperandrogenism is an endocrine disorder that occurs in women, affecting roughly 10% of the female population. Occurring among all races and nationalities, this hormonal defect is known as the leading cause of infertility worldwide. The more popular form of this hormonal disorder is Hyperandrogenic Chronic Anovulation, more commonly known as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). [read more]

  • Hypermenorrhea
    Hypermenorrhea (also know as menorrhagia) is when menstruation is excessively long-lasting or heavy. [read more]

  • Insomnia
    Insomnia is a sleeping disorder characterized by persistent difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep despite the opportunity. It is typically followed by functional impairment while staying awake. Insomniacs is known to complain about unable to close their eyes or "rest their mind" for more than a few minutes at a time. Both organic and non-organic insomnia results a sleep disorder. [read more]

  • Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
    JRA or Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis is not just a single illness. It is, in fact, a group of illnesses of unidentified etiology. The manifestation is a chronic inflammation of the joint. Treatment advances in the last thirty years have altered the prognosis for the more acute types of this disease. The first treatment is limited with only the use of salicylates and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or NSAIDs. The initial treatment resulted into numerous patients being bound to their wheelchairs. Some patients tried synovectomies to get rid of tissue excesses which result from uncontrolled arthritis. The second-line medicines that were added have improved the prognosis for those who suffered from JRA. It started with gold salt injection and gradually replaced by MTX or methotrexate which is a more effective solution. These drugs are administered with team approach background in centers of pediatric rheumatology. In there, occupational and physical therapies have allowed much improved physical functions. The introduction of etanercept (which is a biologic enemy of tumor necrosis factor or TNF) has introduced a new era in treatments. A few more biologic agents such as the anakinra (which is an IL-1 or interleukin-1 receptor opponent) could be used in some patients who are not responsive to second-line medication. The future holds an inhibition of IL-6 which could be effective in systemic sufferers with JRA with high levels. [read more]

  • Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
    Lymphangioleiomyomatosis, LMA for brevity, is a rare lung disorder in which abnormal smooth muscle cells grow rapidly in lung and lymph tissue [read more]

  • Male Menopause
    Male menopause is a phase where men experience a decline of androgen production due to aging. The production of testosterone hormones do not stop, however, unlike the female ovaries. [read more]

  • Masculinisation
    Masculinisation is a condition in which an affected female takes on a distinctly and progressively male appearance. [read more]

  • Melasma
    A skin condition presenting as brown patches on the face of adults, where both sides of the face are usually affected is called melasma. The forehead, the cheeks, bridge of the nose and the upper lip are the most common sites of involvement for this condition. [read more]

  • Menopause
    Menopause literally means the permanent physiological, or natural, cessation of menstrual cycles, from the Greek roots 'meno' (month) and 'pausis' (a pause, a cessation). Menopause means the permanent end of the monthly female reproductive cycles, and in humans this is usually indicated by a permanent absence of monthly periods or menstruation. [read more]

  • Mobius syndrome
    Named after German neurologist Paul Julius Mobius, Mobius/Moebius syndrome is an extremely neurological disorder. [read more]

  • Moebius syndrome
    This extreme neurological disorder is named after German neurologist Paul Julius. [read more]

  • Multifocal ventricular premature beats
    A form of irregular heartbeat in which the ventricle contracts prematurely, ventricular premature beat (VPB) or extrasystole is also known as premature ventricular contraction (PVC). The disorder may be perceived as a ?skipped beat? or as palpitations. PVCs are said to be a natural probe since they induce Heart rate turbulence whose characteristic can be measured and utilized to evaluate cardiac function. [read more]

  • Neonatal Jaundice
    Neonatal jaundice pertains to the yellowing of a newborn infant's skin due to a buildup of indirect unconjugated bilirubin in the skin. [read more]

  • Neonatal Transient Jaundice
    Neonatal Jaundice is the yellowing of the skin and other tissues of a newborn infant due to accumulation of indirect unconjugated bilirubin in the skin. This is the result of an overall increase in the total bilirubin in the blood. [read more]

  • Night Sweats
    Night sweats are episodes of random excessive perspiration that occurs only at night. People suffering from night sweats usually get to soak their bed clothes or beddings. It is, however not an indication of a serious illness. [read more]

  • Oophoritis
    Oophoritis is a condition characterized by inflammation of either one or both ovaries, usually occurring alongside an infection and possibly affecting female fertility. [read more]

  • Osteopenia
    Osteopenia is a condition where bone mineral density is lower than normal. It is considered by most doctors to be a precursor to osteoporosis. Moreover, not every person diagnosed with osteopenia will develop osteoporosis. Fractures usually experienced in the hip, spine, and wrist. [read more]

  • Polyps, Uterine
    Uterine polyps are growths appearing on the inner wall of the uterus, and protruding into the uterine cavity, caused by overgrowth of cells. [read more]

  • Primary Hyperparathyroidism
    Primary hyperparathyroidism is a disorder of the parathyroid glands characterized by too much secretion of hormones which cause disruption leading to elevated blood calcium levels. [read more]

  • Prolapsed Uterus
    Prolapse uterus or uterine prolapse is the descent of the uterus into the vagina due to stretched and weakend pelvic floor musles and ligaments. [read more]

  • Rectocele
    Rectocele is a condition in which the rectum's front wall bulges into the vagina. [read more]

  • Scalded Mouth Syndrome
    Scalded mouth syndrome is a condition in which the tongue, lips, or most areas of the mouth feels a burning pain without obvious reasons. It is sometimes referred to as burning mouth syndrome, stomatodynia, burning tongue syndrome, burning lips syndrome, and glossodynia. [read more]

  • Sleep Apnea
    This is a disorder that is distinguished by pauses in breathing during sleep. Episodes known as apneas lasts long enough that one or more breathes is missed which occur frequently during sleep. Episodes happen between a minimum of 10 minutes interval. [read more]

  • Stokes-Adams Attack
    Stokes-Adams Attack, named after two Irish physicians, Robert Adams and William Stokes, is a medical condition characterized by a sudden, transient episode of syncope, occasionally featuring seizures. [read more]

  • Stomatodynia
    Stomatodynia is a condition in which the tongue, lips, or most areas of the mouth feels a burning pain without obvious reasons. It is sometimes referred to as burning mouth syndrome, scalded mouth syndrome, burning tongue syndrome, burning lips syndrome, and glossodynia. [read more]

  • Subfertility
    Subfertility, also known as infertility, is the inability of a couple to get pregnant despite a year of frequent and unprotected sex. [read more]

  • Testosterone Deficiency
    Testosterone deficiency or male hypogonadism is the body's insufficient production of the sex hormone testosterone. [read more]

  • Uterine Cancer
    Uterine cancer may point to one of numerous kinds of cancer that happen in the uterus. It includes uterine sarcomas, uterine fibroids, endometrial cancers, hydatidiform mole and cervical cancer. [read more]

  • Uterine Cancer
    Uterine cancer is a most common form of carcinoma that begins in the endometrium or the lining of the uterus. Also called endometrial cancer, this type of cancer typically appears after the reproductive years, mostly in the sixth or seventh decade of life. [read more]

  • Vaginal Atrophy
    Vaginal atrophy is characterized by the thinning as well as inflammation of the vaginal walls. This condition usually occurs after menopause, but may also develop during breast-feeding stage or at any time the estrogen production declines. [read more]

  • Vaginal Dryness
    Vaginal dryness is characterized by the lack of natural lubrication of the vagina, causing irritation and itchiness as well as discomfort during sexual intercourse. This is quite a common condition found in most women, especially during and after the menopausal stage. [read more]

  • Vaginitis
    Vaginitis is the swelling of the vagina, which is the female genital, that can lead to discharge, pain and itching. There are common types of vaginitis which are bacterial vaginosis, yeast infection, trichomoniasis and atrophic vaginitis. [read more]

  • Vulvodynia
    Vulvodynia is a medical condition which refers to the disorder which causes vulvar pain and discomfort. [read more]

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